diff --git a/src/handlers/identity.ts b/src/handlers/identity.ts
index f66784d..5331551 100644
--- a/src/handlers/identity.ts
+++ b/src/handlers/identity.ts
@@ -122,6 +122,16 @@ function readBodyValue(body: Record<string, string>, names: string[]): string |
   return undefined;
 }
 
+async function sha256Hex(value: string): Promise<string> {
+  const digest = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', new TextEncoder().encode(value));
+  return Array.from(new Uint8Array(digest), (byte) => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
+}
+
+async function loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier: string, grantType: string, subject: string): Promise<string> {
+  const subjectHash = await sha256Hex(`${grantType}:${String(subject || '').trim() || 'unknown'}`);
+  return `${clientIdentifier}:login:${grantType}:${subjectHash}`;
+}
+
 async function getStoredYubicoCredentials(storage: StorageService, env: Env): Promise<YubicoApiCredentials | null> {
   const fromEnv = yubicoCredentialsFromEnv(env);
   if (fromEnv) return fromEnv;
@@ -343,13 +353,13 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
     const twoFactorToken = readBodyValue(body, ['twoFactorToken', 'TwoFactorToken']);
     const twoFactorProvider = readBodyValue(body, ['twoFactorProvider', 'TwoFactorProvider']);
     const twoFactorRemember = readBodyValue(body, ['twoFactorRemember', 'TwoFactorRemember']);
-    const loginIdentifier = clientIdentifier;
     const deviceInfo = readAuthRequestDeviceInfo(body, request);
 
     if (!email || !passwordHash) {
       // Bitwarden clients expect OAuth-style error fields.
       return identityErrorResponse('Email and password are required', 'invalid_request', 400);
     }
+    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier, grantType, email);
 
     // Check login lockout before user lookup to reduce user-enumeration signal
     const loginCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(loginIdentifier);
@@ -608,7 +618,8 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
       : baseResponse;
 
   } else if (grantType === 'webauthn') {
-    const loginIdentifier = clientIdentifier;
+    const token = String(body.token || '').trim();
+    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier, grantType, token || 'missing-token');
     const loginCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(loginIdentifier);
     if (!loginCheck.allowed) {
       return identityErrorResponse(
@@ -618,7 +629,6 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
       );
     }
 
-    const token = String(body.token || '').trim();
     let deviceResponse: unknown = body.deviceResponse;
     if (typeof deviceResponse === 'string') {
       try {
@@ -736,11 +746,12 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
     const scope = body.scope;
     const deviceInfo = readAuthRequestDeviceInfo(body, request);
 
-    const loginIdentifier = clientIdentifier;
     const parmValid = checkClientCredentialsParam(clientId, clientSecret, scope);
     if (!parmValid) {
       return identityErrorResponse('Parameter error', 'invalid_request', 400);
     }
+    const uid = clientId.slice(5);
+    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier, grantType, uid);
 
     // Check login lockout before user lookup to reduce user-enumeration signal
     const loginCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(loginIdentifier);
@@ -752,7 +763,6 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
       );
     }
 
-    const uid = clientId.slice(5);
     const user = await storage.getUserById(uid);
     if (!user) {
       await rateLimit.recordFailedLogin(loginIdentifier);
@@ -895,7 +905,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
       passwordHashB64,
       password,
       rateLimit,
-      `${clientIdentifier}:send-password`
+      clientIdentifier
     );
     if ('error' in result) {
       return result.error;
diff --git a/src/handlers/sends-public.ts b/src/handlers/sends-public.ts
index 0355ece..1129616 100644
--- a/src/handlers/sends-public.ts
+++ b/src/handlers/sends-public.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export async function handleAccessSend(request: Request, env: Env, accessId: str
     if (!clientIdentifier) {
       return errorResponse('Client IP is required', 403);
     }
-    sendPasswordLimitIpKey = sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier);
+    sendPasswordLimitIpKey = sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier, send.id);
     sendPasswordRateLimit = new RateLimitService(env.DB);
     const sendPasswordCheck = await sendPasswordRateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(sendPasswordLimitIpKey);
     if (!sendPasswordCheck.allowed) {
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ export async function handleAccessSendFile(
     if (!clientIdentifier) {
       return errorResponse('Client IP is required', 403);
     }
-    sendPasswordLimitIpKey = sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier);
+    sendPasswordLimitIpKey = sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier, send.id);
     sendPasswordRateLimit = new RateLimitService(env.DB);
     const sendPasswordCheck = await sendPasswordRateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(sendPasswordLimitIpKey);
     if (!sendPasswordCheck.allowed) {
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ export async function issueSendAccessToken(
   passwordHashB64?: string | null,
   password?: string | null,
   rateLimit?: RateLimitService,
-  sendPasswordLimitIpKey?: string
+  clientIdentifier?: string
 ): Promise<{ token: string } | { error: Response }> {
   const jwt = getSafeJwtSecret(env);
   if (!jwt.ok) {
@@ -373,6 +373,9 @@ export async function issueSendAccessToken(
     };
   }
 
+  const sendPasswordLimitIpKey =
+    rateLimit && clientIdentifier ? sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier, send.id) : null;
+
   if (send.passwordHash) {
     if (rateLimit && sendPasswordLimitIpKey) {
       const sendPasswordCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(sendPasswordLimitIpKey);
diff --git a/src/handlers/sends-shared.ts b/src/handlers/sends-shared.ts
index 82484e7..535220a 100644
--- a/src/handlers/sends-shared.ts
+++ b/src/handlers/sends-shared.ts
@@ -434,8 +434,8 @@ export type PublicSendAccessValidationResult =
   | { ok: true }
   | { ok: false; response: Response; reason: 'email_auth_unsupported' | 'password_missing' | 'invalid_password' };
 
-export function sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier: string): string {
-  return `${clientIdentifier}:${SEND_PASSWORD_LIMIT_SCOPE}`;
+export function sendPasswordLimitKey(clientIdentifier: string, sendId: string): string {
+  return `${clientIdentifier}:${SEND_PASSWORD_LIMIT_SCOPE}:${String(sendId || '').trim() || 'unknown-send'}`;
 }
 
 function sendPasswordLockMessage(retryAfterSeconds: number): string {