chore(deps-dev): bump typescript from 6.0.3 to 7.0.2

Bumps [typescript](https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript) from 6.0.3 to 7.0.2. - [Release notes](https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/commits) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: typescript dependency-version: 7.0.2 dependency-type: direct:development update-type: version-update:semver-major ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
fix(auth): prevent unexpected session logout
2026-08-05 14:50:11 +00:00 · 2026-07-12 21:05:34 +00:00 · 2026-07-13 02:11:12 +08:00 · 2026-07-12 23:16:01 +08:00
29 changed files with 969 additions and 382 deletions
@@ -132,6 +132,11 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS refresh_tokens (
  expires_at INTEGER NOT NULL,
  device_identifier TEXT,
  device_session_stamp TEXT,
+  security_stamp TEXT,
+  created_at INTEGER,
+  last_used_at INTEGER,
+  absolute_expires_at INTEGER,
+  client_type TEXT,
  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
 );
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_refresh_tokens_user ON refresh_tokens(user_id);
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
        "postcss": "^8.5.16",
        "tailwindcss": "^3.4.19",
        "tsx": "^4.22.4",
-        "typescript": "^6.0.3",
+        "typescript": "^7.0.2",
        "vite": "^8.1.3",
        "wrangler": "^4.105.0"
      }
@@ -2573,6 +2573,346 @@
        "undici-types": "~8.3.0"
      }
    },
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-aix-ppc64/-/typescript-aix-ppc64-7.0.2.tgz",
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+      "cpu": [
+        "ppc64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "aix"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64": {
+      "version": "7.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64/-/typescript-darwin-arm64-7.0.2.tgz",
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+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "darwin"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@typescript/typescript-darwin-x64": {
+      "version": "7.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-darwin-x64/-/typescript-darwin-x64-7.0.2.tgz",
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+      ],
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+        "x64"
+      ],
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+        "freebsd"
+      ],
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+      }
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+        "arm"
+      ],
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+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
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+      ],
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+      ],
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+      "cpu": [
+        "loong64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      }
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-linux-mips64el/-/typescript-linux-mips64el-7.0.2.tgz",
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+        "mips64el"
+      ],
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+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
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+        "linux"
+      ],
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+        "ppc64"
+      ],
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+        "linux"
+      ],
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-sunos-x64/-/typescript-sunos-x64-7.0.2.tgz",
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+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "sunos"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@typescript/typescript-win32-arm64": {
+      "version": "7.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-win32-arm64/-/typescript-win32-arm64-7.0.2.tgz",
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+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "win32"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@typescript/typescript-win32-x64": {
+      "version": "7.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@typescript/typescript-win32-x64/-/typescript-win32-x64-7.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0BQ3HkAHHlKLSp1qRvf3SUhGpGsDuhB/jgFw75guyqbxJqEaS0Cw/VFO8i2nHglJUzQCRtMMR/IBAKE3ETMC4g==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "win32"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/@zip.js/zip.js": {
      "version": "2.8.26",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@zip.js/zip.js/-/zip.js-2.8.26.tgz",
@@ -4683,17 +5023,38 @@
      "license": "0BSD"
    },
    "node_modules/typescript": {
-      "version": "6.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-6.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-y2TvuxSZPDyQakkFRPZHKFm+KKVqIisdg9/CZwm9ftvKXLP8NRWj38/ODjNbr43SsoXqNuAisEf1GdCxqWcdBw==",
+      "version": "7.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-7.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8FYau96o3NKOhbjKi/qNvG/W5jhzxkbdm5sj9AbZ/5T5sWqn3hJgLfGx27sRKZWTvyzCP8dLRBTf5tBTSRVUNA==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "bin": {
-        "tsc": "bin/tsc",
-        "tsserver": "bin/tsserver"
+        "tsc": "bin/tsc"
      },
      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=14.17"
+        "node": ">=16.20.0"
+      },
+      "optionalDependencies": {
+        "@typescript/typescript-aix-ppc64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-darwin-x64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-freebsd-arm64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-freebsd-x64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-arm": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-arm64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-loong64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-mips64el": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-ppc64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-riscv64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-s390x": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-linux-x64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-netbsd-arm64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-netbsd-x64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-openbsd-arm64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-openbsd-x64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-sunos-x64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-win32-arm64": "7.0.2",
+        "@typescript/typescript-win32-x64": "7.0.2"
      }
    },
    "node_modules/undici": {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
    "postcss": "^8.5.16",
    "tailwindcss": "^3.4.19",
    "tsx": "^4.22.4",
-    "typescript": "^6.0.3",
+    "typescript": "^7.0.2",
    "vite": "^8.1.3",
    "wrangler": "^4.105.0"
  },
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
    // Access token lifetime in seconds.
    // 访问令牌有效期（秒）。
    accessTokenTtlSeconds: 7200,
-    // Refresh token lifetime in milliseconds.
-    // 刷新令牌有效期（毫秒）。
-    refreshTokenTtlMs: 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
-    // Grace window for previous refresh token after rotation (ms).
-    // 刷新令牌轮换后的旧令牌宽限窗口（毫秒）。
-    refreshTokenOverlapGraceMs: 30 * 60 * 1000,
+    // Refresh sessions use a reusable opaque token with a sliding idle lifetime.
+    // 刷新会话使用可复用的随机令牌，并按客户端采用滑动空闲期限。
+    refreshTokenWebSlidingTtlMs: 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
+    refreshTokenDefaultSlidingTtlMs: 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
+    refreshTokenMobileSlidingTtlMs: 90 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
+    // Hard upper bound for one login session, regardless of sliding refreshes.
+    // 单次登录会话的绝对最长寿命，不因滑动续期突破该上限。
+    refreshTokenAbsoluteTtlMs: 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
    // Refresh token random byte length.
    // 刷新令牌随机字节长度。
    refreshTokenRandomBytes: 32,
@@ -62,6 +64,9 @@
    // Refresh-token grant budget per IP per minute.
    // refresh_token 授权每 IP 每分钟请求配额。
    refreshTokenRequestsPerMinute: 30,
+    // Coarser IP budget; the per-session budget above remains the primary guard.
+    // 更宽松的 IP 总预算；主要保护仍由每个 refresh session 的预算承担。
+    refreshTokenRequestsPerIpMinute: 300,
    // Passwordless/auth-request creation budget per IP/email/device per minute.
    // 免密/设备审批请求创建接口每 IP/邮箱/设备每分钟配额。
    authRequestRequestsPerMinute: 5,
@@ -159,3 +164,10 @@
    cipherKeyEncryptionFeatureEnabled: true,
  },
 } as const;
+
+export function getRefreshTokenSlidingTtlMs(clientType?: string | null): number {
+  const normalized = String(clientType || '').trim().toLowerCase();
+  if (normalized === 'web') return LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenWebSlidingTtlMs;
+  if (normalized === 'mobile') return LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenMobileSlidingTtlMs;
+  return LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenDefaultSlidingTtlMs;
+}
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { StorageService } from '../services/storage';
 import { AuthService } from '../services/auth';
 import { RateLimitService, getClientIdentifier } from '../services/ratelimit';
 import { jsonResponse, errorResponse, identityErrorResponse } from '../utils/response';
-import { LIMITS } from '../config/limits';
+import { getRefreshTokenSlidingTtlMs, LIMITS } from '../config/limits';
 import { findMatchingTotpCounter, isTotpEnabled } from '../utils/totp';
 import { createRefreshToken } from '../utils/jwt';
 import { readAuthRequestDeviceInfo } from '../utils/device';
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ const YUBICO_KEY_CONFIG_KEY = 'globalSettings__yubico__key';
 const TWO_FACTOR_PROVIDER_RECOVERY_CODE_RESPONSE = '-1';
 const TWO_FACTOR_PROVIDER_RECOVERY_CODE_ANDROID_REQUEST = 100;

+function identityJsonResponse(data: unknown, status: number = 200): Response {
+  return jsonResponse(data, status, { 'Cache-Control': 'no-store', Pragma: 'no-cache' });
+}
+
 function resolveTotpSecret(userSecret: string | null): string | null {
  if (userSecret && isTotpEnabled(userSecret)) {
    return userSecret;
@@ -60,6 +64,33 @@ async function resolveDeviceSession(
  return { identifier: deviceInfo.deviceIdentifier, sessionStamp };
 }

+function resolveRefreshClientType(request: Request, body: Record<string, string>): string {
+  if (shouldUseWebSession(request)) return 'web';
+  const clientId = String(body.client_id || '').trim().toLowerCase();
+  if (clientId === 'mobile') return 'mobile';
+  if (clientId === 'browser' || clientId === 'desktop' || clientId === 'cli') return clientId;
+  return clientId || 'other';
+}
+
+async function persistAndResolveDeviceSession(
+  storage: StorageService,
+  userId: string,
+  deviceInfo: ReturnType<typeof readAuthRequestDeviceInfo>
+): Promise<{ identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null> {
+  const candidate = await resolveDeviceSession(storage, userId, deviceInfo);
+  if (!candidate) return null;
+  await storage.upsertDevice(
+    userId,
+    candidate.identifier,
+    deviceInfo.deviceName,
+    deviceInfo.deviceType,
+    candidate.sessionStamp
+  );
+  const persisted = await storage.getDevice(userId, candidate.identifier);
+  if (!persisted?.sessionStamp) throw new Error('Failed to persist device session');
+  return { identifier: persisted.deviceIdentifier, sessionStamp: persisted.sessionStamp };
+}
+
 function readDevicePushToken(body: Record<string, string>): string {
  return String(readBodyValue(body, ['devicePushToken', 'DevicePushToken', 'device_push_token']) || '').trim();
 }
@@ -163,7 +194,7 @@ function withWebRefreshCookie(request: Request, response: Response, refreshToken
  headers.append(
    'Set-Cookie',
    refreshToken
-      ? buildRefreshCookie(request, refreshToken, Math.floor(LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenTtlMs / 1000))
+      ? buildRefreshCookie(request, refreshToken, Math.floor(getRefreshTokenSlidingTtlMs('web') / 1000))
      : buildClearedRefreshCookie(request)
  );
  return new Response(response.body, {
@@ -173,30 +204,6 @@ function withWebRefreshCookie(request: Request, response: Response, refreshToken
  });
 }

-async function revokePresentedAccessTokenSession(request: Request, env: Env, storage: StorageService): Promise<void> {
-  const authHeader = request.headers.get('Authorization');
-  if (!authHeader) return;
-
-  const auth = new AuthService(env);
-  const verified = await auth.verifyAccessTokenWithUser(authHeader);
-  if (!verified) return;
-
-  const deviceIdentifier = String(verified.payload.did || '').trim();
-  if (deviceIdentifier) {
-    const nextSessionStamp = generateUUID();
-    await storage.rotateDeviceSessionStamp(verified.user.id, deviceIdentifier, nextSessionStamp);
-    await storage.deleteRefreshTokensByDevice(verified.user.id, deviceIdentifier);
-    AuthService.invalidateDeviceCache(verified.user.id, deviceIdentifier);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  verified.user.securityStamp = generateUUID();
-  verified.user.updatedAt = new Date().toISOString();
-  await storage.saveUser(verified.user);
-  await storage.deleteRefreshTokensByUserId(verified.user.id);
-  AuthService.invalidateUserCache(verified.user.id);
-}
-
 function buildPreloginResponse(
  email: string,
  kdfType: number,
@@ -267,7 +274,7 @@ async function twoFactorRequiredResponse(
  };

  // Bitwarden clients rely on these fields to trigger the 2FA UI flow.
-  return jsonResponse(
+  return identityJsonResponse(
    {
      error: 'invalid_grant',
      error_description: message,
@@ -341,8 +348,20 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>

  const grantType = body.grant_type;
  const clientIdentifier = getClientIdentifier(request);
-  if (!clientIdentifier) {
-    return identityErrorResponse('Client IP is required', 'invalid_request', 403);
+  if (!clientIdentifier && grantType !== 'refresh_token') {
+    await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
+      action: 'auth.client_ip.missing',
+      category: 'auth',
+      level: 'error',
+      targetType: 'tokenEndpoint',
+      metadata: { grantType, reason: 'client_ip_missing', ...auditRequestMetadata(request) },
+    });
+    return identityErrorResponse(
+      'Authentication is temporarily unavailable',
+      'temporarily_unavailable',
+      503,
+      { 'Retry-After': '5' }
+    );
  }

  if (grantType === 'password') {
@@ -359,7 +378,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      // Bitwarden clients expect OAuth-style error fields.
      return identityErrorResponse('Email and password are required', 'invalid_request', 400);
    }
-    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier, grantType, email);
+    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier!, grantType, email);

    // Check login lockout before user lookup to reduce user-enumeration signal
    const loginCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(loginIdentifier);
@@ -550,15 +569,8 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
    }

    // Persist device only after successful password + (optional) 2FA verification.
-    const deviceSession = await resolveDeviceSession(storage, user.id, deviceInfo);
+    const deviceSession = await persistAndResolveDeviceSession(storage, user.id, deviceInfo);
    if (deviceSession) {
-      await storage.upsertDevice(
-        user.id,
-        deviceSession.identifier,
-        deviceInfo.deviceName,
-        deviceInfo.deviceType,
-        deviceSession.sessionStamp
-      );
      await persistIdentityDevicePushToken(env, storage, user.id, deviceSession, deviceInfo.deviceType, body);
    }

@@ -569,7 +581,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
    }

    const accessToken = await auth.generateAccessToken(user, deviceSession);
-    const refreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user.id, deviceSession);
+    const refreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user, deviceSession, resolveRefreshClientType(request, body));
    const accountKeys = buildAccountKeys(user);
    const userDecryptionOptions = buildUserDecryptionOptions(user);
    await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
@@ -612,14 +624,14 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      userDecryptionOptions: userDecryptionOptions,
    };

-    const baseResponse = jsonResponse(response);
+    const baseResponse = identityJsonResponse(response);
    return shouldUseWebSession(request)
      ? withWebRefreshCookie(request, baseResponse, refreshToken)
      : baseResponse;

  } else if (grantType === 'webauthn') {
    const token = String(body.token || '').trim();
-    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier, grantType, token || 'missing-token');
+    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier!, grantType, token || 'missing-token');
    const loginCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(loginIdentifier);
    if (!loginCheck.allowed) {
      return identityErrorResponse(
@@ -673,22 +685,15 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
    }

    const deviceInfo = readAuthRequestDeviceInfo(body, request);
-    const deviceSession = await resolveDeviceSession(storage, user.id, deviceInfo);
+    const deviceSession = await persistAndResolveDeviceSession(storage, user.id, deviceInfo);
    if (deviceSession) {
-      await storage.upsertDevice(
-        user.id,
-        deviceSession.identifier,
-        deviceInfo.deviceName,
-        deviceInfo.deviceType,
-        deviceSession.sessionStamp
-      );
      await persistIdentityDevicePushToken(env, storage, user.id, deviceSession, deviceInfo.deviceType, body);
    }

    await rateLimit.clearLoginAttempts(loginIdentifier);

    const accessToken = await auth.generateAccessToken(user, deviceSession);
-    const refreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user.id, deviceSession);
+    const refreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user, deviceSession, resolveRefreshClientType(request, body));
    const userVerificationToken = await createPasskeyUserVerificationToken(env, user.id, 'backup.settings.repair');
    const accountKeys = buildAccountKeys(user);
    const webAuthnPrfOption = buildAccountPasskeyTokenUserDecryptionOption(credential);
@@ -734,7 +739,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      userDecryptionOptions: userDecryptionOptions,
    };

-    const baseResponse = jsonResponse(response);
+    const baseResponse = identityJsonResponse(response);
    return shouldUseWebSession(request)
      ? withWebRefreshCookie(request, baseResponse, refreshToken)
      : baseResponse;
@@ -751,7 +756,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      return identityErrorResponse('Parameter error', 'invalid_request', 400);
    }
    const uid = clientId.slice(5);
-    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier, grantType, uid);
+    const loginIdentifier = await loginRateLimitKey(clientIdentifier!, grantType, uid);

    // Check login lockout before user lookup to reduce user-enumeration signal
    const loginCheck = await rateLimit.checkLoginAttempt(loginIdentifier);
@@ -805,15 +810,8 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
    }

    // Persist device only after successful client credential verification.
-    const deviceSession = await resolveDeviceSession(storage, user.id, deviceInfo);
+    const deviceSession = await persistAndResolveDeviceSession(storage, user.id, deviceInfo);
    if (deviceSession) {
-      await storage.upsertDevice(
-        user.id,
-        deviceSession.identifier,
-        deviceInfo.deviceName,
-        deviceInfo.deviceType,
-        deviceSession.sessionStamp
-      );
      await persistIdentityDevicePushToken(env, storage, user.id, deviceSession, deviceInfo.deviceType, body);
    }

@@ -821,7 +819,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
    await rateLimit.clearLoginAttempts(loginIdentifier);

    const accessToken = await auth.generateAccessToken(user, deviceSession);
-    const refreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user.id, deviceSession);
+    const refreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user, deviceSession, resolveRefreshClientType(request, body));
    const accountKeys = buildAccountKeys(user);
    const userDecryptionOptions = buildUserDecryptionOptions(user);
    await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
@@ -863,7 +861,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      userDecryptionOptions: userDecryptionOptions,
    };

-    const baseResponse = jsonResponse(response);
+    const baseResponse = identityJsonResponse(response);
    return shouldUseWebSession(request)
      ? withWebRefreshCookie(request, baseResponse, refreshToken)
      : baseResponse;
@@ -880,7 +878,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>

    const sendId = String(body.send_id || body.sendId || '').trim();
    if (!sendId) {
-      return jsonResponse(
+      return identityJsonResponse(
        {
          error: 'invalid_request',
          error_description: 'send_id is required',
@@ -905,13 +903,13 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      passwordHashB64,
      password,
      rateLimit,
-      clientIdentifier
+      clientIdentifier || undefined
    );
    if ('error' in result) {
      return result.error;
    }

-    return jsonResponse({
+    return identityJsonResponse({
      access_token: result.token,
      expires_in: LIMITS.auth.sendAccessTokenTtlSeconds,
      token_type: 'Bearer',
@@ -919,19 +917,6 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      unofficialServer: true,
    });
  } else if (grantType === 'refresh_token') {
-    const refreshLimit = await rateLimit.consumeBudget(
-      `${clientIdentifier}:identity-refresh`,
-      LIMITS.rateLimit.refreshTokenRequestsPerMinute
-    );
-    if (!refreshLimit.allowed) {
-      return identityErrorResponse(
-        `Rate limit exceeded. Try again in ${refreshLimit.retryAfterSeconds} seconds.`,
-        'TooManyRequests',
-        429
-      );
-    }
-
-    // Refresh token
    const refreshToken = String(body.refresh_token || '').trim() || (
      shouldUseWebSession(request)
        ? parseCookieValue(request, WEB_REFRESH_COOKIE)
@@ -941,7 +926,72 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      return identityErrorResponse('Refresh token is required', 'invalid_request', 400);
    }

-    const result = await auth.refreshAccessTokenDetailed(refreshToken);
+    const refreshTokenHash = await sha256Hex(refreshToken);
+    try {
+      const sessionLimit = await rateLimit.consumeBudget(
+        `refresh-session:${refreshTokenHash}`,
+        LIMITS.rateLimit.refreshTokenRequestsPerMinute
+      );
+      const ipLimit = clientIdentifier
+        ? await rateLimit.consumeBudget(
+            `refresh-ip:${clientIdentifier}`,
+            LIMITS.rateLimit.refreshTokenRequestsPerIpMinute
+          )
+        : null;
+      const rejected = !sessionLimit.allowed ? sessionLimit : (ipLimit && !ipLimit.allowed ? ipLimit : null);
+      if (rejected) {
+        const retryAfter = Math.max(1, rejected.retryAfterSeconds || 1);
+        return identityErrorResponse(
+          `Rate limit exceeded. Try again in ${retryAfter} seconds.`,
+          'temporarily_unavailable',
+          429,
+          { 'Retry-After': String(retryAfter) }
+        );
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
+        action: 'auth.refresh.failed.rate_limit_unavailable',
+        category: 'auth',
+        level: 'error',
+        targetType: 'refreshToken',
+        metadata: { grantType, reason: 'rate_limit_unavailable', error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error), ...auditRequestMetadata(request) },
+      });
+      return identityErrorResponse(
+        'Session refresh is temporarily unavailable',
+        'temporarily_unavailable',
+        503,
+        { 'Retry-After': '5' }
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (!clientIdentifier) {
+      await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
+        action: 'auth.client_ip.missing',
+        category: 'auth',
+        level: 'warn',
+        targetType: 'refreshToken',
+        metadata: { grantType, reason: 'client_ip_missing', webSession: shouldUseWebSession(request), ...auditRequestMetadata(request) },
+      });
+    }
+
+    let result: Awaited<ReturnType<AuthService['refreshAccessTokenDetailed']>>;
+    try {
+      result = await auth.refreshAccessTokenDetailed(refreshToken);
+    } catch (error) {
+      await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
+        action: 'auth.refresh.failed.temporarily_unavailable',
+        category: 'auth',
+        level: 'error',
+        targetType: 'refreshToken',
+        metadata: { grantType, reason: 'storage_or_worker_error', error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error), webSession: shouldUseWebSession(request), ...auditRequestMetadata(request) },
+      });
+      return identityErrorResponse(
+        'Session refresh is temporarily unavailable',
+        'temporarily_unavailable',
+        503,
+        { 'Retry-After': '5' }
+      );
+    }
    if (!result.ok) {
      await safeWriteAuditEvent(env, {
        actorUserId: result.userId ?? null,
@@ -963,18 +1013,10 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
        : invalidResponse;
    }

-    // Keep a short overlap window for old refresh token to absorb
-    // concurrent refresh requests from multiple client contexts.
-    await storage.constrainRefreshTokenExpiry(
-      refreshToken,
-      Date.now() + LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenOverlapGraceMs
-    );
-
    const { accessToken, user, device } = result;
    if (device?.identifier) {
      await storage.touchDeviceLastSeen(user.id, device.identifier);
    }
-    const newRefreshToken = await auth.generateRefreshToken(user.id, device);
    const accountKeys = buildAccountKeys(user);
    const userDecryptionOptions = buildUserDecryptionOptions(user);

@@ -982,7 +1024,7 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      access_token: accessToken,
      expires_in: LIMITS.auth.accessTokenTtlSeconds,
      token_type: 'Bearer',
-      ...(shouldUseWebSession(request) ? { web_session: true } : { refresh_token: newRefreshToken }),
+      ...(shouldUseWebSession(request) ? { web_session: true } : { refresh_token: refreshToken }),
      Key: user.key,
      PrivateKey: user.privateKey,
      AccountKeys: accountKeys,
@@ -1001,9 +1043,9 @@ export async function handleToken(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response>
      userDecryptionOptions: userDecryptionOptions,
    };

-    const baseResponse = jsonResponse(response);
+    const baseResponse = identityJsonResponse(response);
    return shouldUseWebSession(request)
-      ? withWebRefreshCookie(request, baseResponse, newRefreshToken)
+      ? withWebRefreshCookie(request, baseResponse, refreshToken)
      : baseResponse;
  }

@@ -1036,7 +1078,7 @@ export async function handlePrelogin(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Respon
  const kdfMemory = user?.kdfMemory ?? null;
  const kdfParallelism = user?.kdfParallelism ?? null;

-  return jsonResponse(buildPreloginResponse(email, kdfType, kdfIterations, kdfMemory, kdfParallelism));
+  return identityJsonResponse(buildPreloginResponse(email, kdfType, kdfIterations, kdfMemory, kdfParallelism));
 }

 // POST /identity/connect/revocation
@@ -1044,12 +1086,6 @@ export async function handlePrelogin(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Respon
 // RFC 7009 allows returning 200 even if token is unknown.
 export async function handleRevocation(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
  const storage = new StorageService(env.DB);
-  try {
-    await revokePresentedAccessTokenSession(request, env, storage);
-  } catch {
-    // RFC 7009 revocation is best-effort and should not reveal token state.
-  }
-
  let body: Record<string, string>;
  const contentType = request.headers.get('content-type') || '';
  try {
@@ -1060,7 +1096,7 @@ export async function handleRevocation(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Resp
      body = await request.json();
    }
  } catch {
-    return new Response(null, { status: 200 });
+    return new Response(null, { status: 200, headers: { 'Cache-Control': 'no-store', Pragma: 'no-cache' } });
  }

  const token = String(body.token || '').trim() || (
@@ -1072,7 +1108,10 @@ export async function handleRevocation(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Resp
    await storage.deleteRefreshToken(token);
  }

-  const baseResponse = new Response(null, { status: 200 });
+  const baseResponse = new Response(null, {
+    status: 200,
+    headers: { 'Cache-Control': 'no-store', Pragma: 'no-cache' },
+  });
  return shouldUseWebSession(request)
    ? withWebRefreshCookie(request, baseResponse, null)
    : baseResponse;
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Env, JWTPayload, User } from '../types';
 import { verifyJWT, createJWT, createRefreshToken } from '../utils/jwt';
+import { getRefreshTokenSlidingTtlMs, LIMITS } from '../config/limits';
 import { StorageService } from './storage';

 // Server-side iterations for second-layer hashing.
@@ -28,11 +29,12 @@ export type RefreshAccessTokenFailureReason =
  | 'token_not_found_or_expired'
  | 'user_missing'
  | 'user_inactive'
+  | 'security_stamp_mismatch'
  | 'device_missing'
  | 'device_session_mismatch';

 export type RefreshAccessTokenResult =
-  | { ok: true; accessToken: string; user: User; device: { identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null }
+  | { ok: true; accessToken: string; user: User; device: { identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null; expiresAt: number }
  | {
      ok: false;
      reason: RefreshAccessTokenFailureReason;
@@ -190,9 +192,23 @@ export class AuthService {
  }

  // Generate refresh token
-  async generateRefreshToken(userId: string, device?: { identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null): Promise<string> {
+  async generateRefreshToken(
+    user: User,
+    device?: { identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null,
+    clientType: string = 'other'
+  ): Promise<string> {
    const token = createRefreshToken();
-    await this.storage.saveRefreshToken(token, userId, undefined, device?.identifier ?? null, device?.sessionStamp ?? null);
+    const now = Date.now();
+    await this.storage.saveRefreshToken(
+      token,
+      user.id,
+      now + getRefreshTokenSlidingTtlMs(clientType),
+      device?.identifier ?? null,
+      device?.sessionStamp ?? null,
+      user.securityStamp,
+      clientType,
+      now + LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenAbsoluteTtlMs
+    );
    return token;
  }

@@ -251,25 +267,42 @@ export class AuthService {
      return { ok: false, reason: 'user_inactive', userId: user.id, deviceIdentifier: record.deviceIdentifier };
    }

-    let device: { identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null = null;
-    if (!record.deviceIdentifier || !record.deviceSessionStamp) {
+    if (record.securityStamp && record.securityStamp !== user.securityStamp) {
      await this.storage.deleteRefreshToken(refreshToken);
-      return { ok: false, reason: 'device_missing', userId: user.id, deviceIdentifier: record.deviceIdentifier };
+      return { ok: false, reason: 'security_stamp_mismatch', userId: user.id, deviceIdentifier: record.deviceIdentifier };
+    }
+    if (!record.securityStamp) {
+      await this.storage.bindRefreshTokenSecurityStamp(refreshToken, user.securityStamp);
    }

+    let device: { identifier: string; sessionStamp: string } | null = null;
+    if (record.deviceIdentifier) {
      const boundDevice = await this.storage.getDevice(user.id, record.deviceIdentifier);
      if (!boundDevice) {
        await this.storage.deleteRefreshToken(refreshToken);
        return { ok: false, reason: 'device_missing', userId: user.id, deviceIdentifier: record.deviceIdentifier };
      }
-    if (boundDevice.sessionStamp !== record.deviceSessionStamp) {
+      if (record.deviceSessionStamp && boundDevice.sessionStamp !== record.deviceSessionStamp) {
        await this.storage.deleteRefreshToken(refreshToken);
        return { ok: false, reason: 'device_session_mismatch', userId: user.id, deviceIdentifier: record.deviceIdentifier };
      }
+      if (!record.deviceSessionStamp) {
+        await this.storage.bindRefreshTokenDeviceStamp(refreshToken, boundDevice.sessionStamp);
+      }
      device = { identifier: boundDevice.deviceIdentifier, sessionStamp: boundDevice.sessionStamp };
+    }

+    const now = Date.now();
+    const expiresAt = Math.min(
+      now + getRefreshTokenSlidingTtlMs(record.clientType),
+      record.absoluteExpiresAt || (now + LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenAbsoluteTtlMs)
+    );
+    const extended = await this.storage.extendRefreshTokenExpiry(refreshToken, expiresAt, now);
+    if (!extended) {
+      return { ok: false, reason: 'token_not_found_or_expired', userId: user.id, deviceIdentifier: record.deviceIdentifier };
+    }
    const accessToken = await this.generateAccessToken(user, device);
-    return { ok: true, accessToken, user, device };
+    return { ok: true, accessToken, user, device, expiresAt };
  }

  async refreshAccessToken(
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ export async function upsertDevice(
  await db
    .prepare(
      'INSERT INTO devices(user_id, device_identifier, name, type, session_stamp, encrypted_user_key, encrypted_public_key, encrypted_private_key, push_uuid, banned, banned_at, device_note, last_seen_at, created_at, updated_at) VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, NULL, ?, ?, ?, ?) ' +
-        'ON CONFLICT(user_id, device_identifier) DO UPDATE SET name=excluded.name, type=excluded.type, session_stamp=excluded.session_stamp, ' +
+        'ON CONFLICT(user_id, device_identifier) DO UPDATE SET name=excluded.name, type=excluded.type, ' +
+        'session_stamp=CASE WHEN devices.session_stamp IS NULL OR devices.session_stamp = ? THEN excluded.session_stamp ELSE devices.session_stamp END, ' +
        'encrypted_user_key=COALESCE(excluded.encrypted_user_key, encrypted_user_key), ' +
        'encrypted_public_key=COALESCE(excluded.encrypted_public_key, encrypted_public_key), ' +
        'encrypted_private_key=COALESCE(excluded.encrypted_private_key, encrypted_private_key), ' +
@@ -66,7 +67,8 @@ export async function upsertDevice(
      existingDevice?.deviceNote ?? null,
      now,
      now,
-      now
+      now,
+      ''
    )
    .run();
 }
@@ -11,16 +11,34 @@ export async function saveRefreshToken(
  userId: string,
  expiresAtMs: number,
  deviceIdentifier?: string | null,
-  deviceSessionStamp?: string | null
+  deviceSessionStamp?: string | null,
+  securityStamp?: string | null,
+  clientType?: string | null,
+  absoluteExpiresAtMs?: number | null
 ): Promise<void> {
  await maybeCleanupExpiredRefreshTokens(Date.now());
  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);
+  const now = Date.now();
  await db
    .prepare(
-      'INSERT INTO refresh_tokens(token, user_id, expires_at, device_identifier, device_session_stamp) VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?) ' +
-        'ON CONFLICT(token) DO UPDATE SET user_id=excluded.user_id, expires_at=excluded.expires_at, device_identifier=excluded.device_identifier, device_session_stamp=excluded.device_session_stamp'
+      'INSERT INTO refresh_tokens(token, user_id, expires_at, device_identifier, device_session_stamp, security_stamp, created_at, last_used_at, absolute_expires_at, client_type) ' +
+        'VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) ' +
+        'ON CONFLICT(token) DO UPDATE SET user_id=excluded.user_id, expires_at=excluded.expires_at, device_identifier=excluded.device_identifier, ' +
+        'device_session_stamp=excluded.device_session_stamp, security_stamp=excluded.security_stamp, last_used_at=excluded.last_used_at, ' +
+        'absolute_expires_at=excluded.absolute_expires_at, client_type=excluded.client_type'
+    )
+    .bind(
+      tokenKey,
+      userId,
+      expiresAtMs,
+      deviceIdentifier ?? null,
+      deviceSessionStamp ?? null,
+      securityStamp ?? null,
+      now,
+      now,
+      absoluteExpiresAtMs ?? null,
+      clientType ?? null
    )
-    .bind(tokenKey, userId, expiresAtMs, deviceIdentifier ?? null, deviceSessionStamp ?? null)
    .run();
 }

@@ -36,12 +54,25 @@ export async function getRefreshTokenRecord(
  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);

  const row = await db
-    .prepare('SELECT user_id, expires_at, device_identifier, device_session_stamp FROM refresh_tokens WHERE token = ?')
+    .prepare(
+      'SELECT user_id, expires_at, device_identifier, device_session_stamp, security_stamp, created_at, last_used_at, absolute_expires_at, client_type ' +
+        'FROM refresh_tokens WHERE token = ?'
+    )
    .bind(tokenKey)
-    .first<{ user_id: string; expires_at: number; device_identifier: string | null; device_session_stamp: string | null }>();
+    .first<{
+      user_id: string;
+      expires_at: number;
+      device_identifier: string | null;
+      device_session_stamp: string | null;
+      security_stamp: string | null;
+      created_at: number | null;
+      last_used_at: number | null;
+      absolute_expires_at: number | null;
+      client_type: string | null;
+    }>();

  if (!row) return null;
-  if (row.expires_at && row.expires_at < now) {
+  if ((row.expires_at && row.expires_at < now) || (row.absolute_expires_at && row.absolute_expires_at < now)) {
    await deleteRefreshTokenRecord(token);
    return null;
  }
@@ -50,9 +81,62 @@ export async function getRefreshTokenRecord(
    expiresAt: row.expires_at,
    deviceIdentifier: row.device_identifier ?? null,
    deviceSessionStamp: row.device_session_stamp ?? null,
+    securityStamp: row.security_stamp ?? null,
+    createdAt: row.created_at ?? null,
+    lastUsedAt: row.last_used_at ?? null,
+    absoluteExpiresAt: row.absolute_expires_at ?? null,
+    clientType: row.client_type ?? null,
  };
 }

+export async function extendRefreshTokenExpiry(
+  db: D1Database,
+  refreshTokenKey: RefreshTokenKeyFn,
+  token: string,
+  requestedExpiresAtMs: number,
+  nowMs: number
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);
+  const result = await db
+    .prepare(
+      'UPDATE refresh_tokens SET ' +
+        'expires_at = CASE ' +
+        'WHEN absolute_expires_at IS NOT NULL AND absolute_expires_at < ? THEN absolute_expires_at ' +
+        'ELSE ? END, ' +
+        'last_used_at = ? ' +
+        'WHERE token = ? AND expires_at >= ? AND (absolute_expires_at IS NULL OR absolute_expires_at >= ?)'
+    )
+    .bind(requestedExpiresAtMs, requestedExpiresAtMs, nowMs, tokenKey, nowMs, nowMs)
+    .run();
+  return Number(result.meta.changes ?? 0) > 0;
+}
+
+export async function bindRefreshTokenSecurityStamp(
+  db: D1Database,
+  refreshTokenKey: RefreshTokenKeyFn,
+  token: string,
+  securityStamp: string
+): Promise<void> {
+  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);
+  await db
+    .prepare('UPDATE refresh_tokens SET security_stamp = ? WHERE token = ? AND (security_stamp IS NULL OR security_stamp = ?)')
+    .bind(securityStamp, tokenKey, '')
+    .run();
+}
+
+export async function bindRefreshTokenDeviceStamp(
+  db: D1Database,
+  refreshTokenKey: RefreshTokenKeyFn,
+  token: string,
+  deviceSessionStamp: string
+): Promise<void> {
+  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);
+  await db
+    .prepare('UPDATE refresh_tokens SET device_session_stamp = ? WHERE token = ? AND (device_session_stamp IS NULL OR device_session_stamp = ?)')
+    .bind(deviceSessionStamp, tokenKey, '')
+    .run();
+}
+
 export async function deleteRefreshToken(db: D1Database, refreshTokenKey: RefreshTokenKeyFn, token: string): Promise<void> {
  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);
  await db.prepare('DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE token = ?').bind(token).run();
@@ -71,30 +155,3 @@ export async function deleteRefreshTokensByDevice(db: D1Database, userId: string
    .run();
  return Number(result.meta.changes ?? 0);
 }
-
-export async function constrainRefreshTokenExpiry(
-  db: D1Database,
-  refreshTokenKey: RefreshTokenKeyFn,
-  token: string,
-  maxExpiresAtMs: number
-): Promise<void> {
-  const tokenKey = await refreshTokenKey(token);
-
-  await db
-    .prepare(
-      'UPDATE refresh_tokens ' +
-        'SET expires_at = CASE WHEN expires_at > ? THEN ? ELSE expires_at END ' +
-        'WHERE token = ?'
-    )
-    .bind(maxExpiresAtMs, maxExpiresAtMs, tokenKey)
-    .run();
-
-  await db
-    .prepare(
-      'UPDATE refresh_tokens ' +
-        'SET expires_at = CASE WHEN expires_at > ? THEN ? ELSE expires_at END ' +
-        'WHERE token = ?'
-    )
-    .bind(maxExpiresAtMs, maxExpiresAtMs, token)
-    .run();
-}
@@ -74,11 +74,20 @@ const SCHEMA_STATEMENTS: readonly string[] = [
  'ALTER TABLE sends ADD COLUMN emails TEXT',

  'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS refresh_tokens (' +
-  'token TEXT PRIMARY KEY, user_id TEXT NOT NULL, expires_at INTEGER NOT NULL, device_identifier TEXT, device_session_stamp TEXT, ' +
+  'token TEXT PRIMARY KEY, user_id TEXT NOT NULL, expires_at INTEGER NOT NULL, device_identifier TEXT, device_session_stamp TEXT, security_stamp TEXT, created_at INTEGER, last_used_at INTEGER, absolute_expires_at INTEGER, client_type TEXT, ' +
  'FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE)',
  'CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_refresh_tokens_user ON refresh_tokens(user_id)',
  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN device_identifier TEXT',
  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN device_session_stamp TEXT',
+  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN security_stamp TEXT',
+  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN created_at INTEGER',
+  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN last_used_at INTEGER',
+  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN absolute_expires_at INTEGER',
+  'ALTER TABLE refresh_tokens ADD COLUMN client_type TEXT',
+  "UPDATE refresh_tokens SET security_stamp = (SELECT users.security_stamp FROM users WHERE users.id = refresh_tokens.user_id) WHERE security_stamp IS NULL OR security_stamp = ''",
+  "UPDATE refresh_tokens SET created_at = CAST(strftime('%s','now') AS INTEGER) * 1000 WHERE created_at IS NULL",
+  "UPDATE refresh_tokens SET last_used_at = created_at WHERE last_used_at IS NULL",
+  'UPDATE refresh_tokens SET absolute_expires_at = expires_at WHERE absolute_expires_at IS NULL',

  'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS invites (' +
  'code TEXT PRIMARY KEY, created_by TEXT NOT NULL, used_by TEXT, expires_at TEXT NOT NULL, status TEXT NOT NULL, created_at TEXT NOT NULL, updated_at TEXT NOT NULL, ' +
@@ -118,6 +127,8 @@ const SCHEMA_STATEMENTS: readonly string[] = [
  'ALTER TABLE devices ADD COLUMN last_seen_at TEXT',
  'CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_devices_user_last_seen ON devices(user_id, last_seen_at)',
  'CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_devices_user_push ON devices(user_id, push_token)',
+  "UPDATE refresh_tokens SET device_session_stamp = (SELECT devices.session_stamp FROM devices WHERE devices.user_id = refresh_tokens.user_id AND devices.device_identifier = refresh_tokens.device_identifier) WHERE device_identifier IS NOT NULL AND (device_session_stamp IS NULL OR device_session_stamp = '') AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM devices WHERE devices.user_id = refresh_tokens.user_id AND devices.device_identifier = refresh_tokens.device_identifier)",
+  "UPDATE refresh_tokens SET client_type = CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM devices WHERE devices.user_id = refresh_tokens.user_id AND devices.device_identifier = refresh_tokens.device_identifier AND devices.type IN (0, 1)) THEN 'mobile' WHEN EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM devices WHERE devices.user_id = refresh_tokens.user_id AND devices.device_identifier = refresh_tokens.device_identifier AND devices.type = 14) THEN 'web' ELSE 'other' END WHERE client_type IS NULL OR client_type = ''",

  'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS auth_requests (' +
  'id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, user_id TEXT NOT NULL, organization_id TEXT, type INTEGER NOT NULL, request_device_identifier TEXT NOT NULL, request_device_type INTEGER NOT NULL, ' +
@@ -87,10 +87,12 @@ import {
  saveSend as saveStoredSend,
 } from './storage-send-repo';
 import {
-  constrainRefreshTokenExpiry as constrainStoredRefreshTokenExpiry,
+  bindRefreshTokenDeviceStamp as bindStoredRefreshTokenDeviceStamp,
+  bindRefreshTokenSecurityStamp as bindStoredRefreshTokenSecurityStamp,
  deleteRefreshToken as deleteStoredRefreshToken,
  deleteRefreshTokensByDevice as deleteStoredRefreshTokensByDevice,
  deleteRefreshTokensByUserId as deleteStoredRefreshTokensByUserId,
+  extendRefreshTokenExpiry as extendStoredRefreshTokenExpiry,
  getRefreshTokenRecord as findStoredRefreshTokenRecord,
  saveRefreshToken as saveStoredRefreshToken,
 } from './storage-refresh-token-repo';
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ const STORAGE_SCHEMA_VERSION_KEY = 'schema.version';
 // Bump this whenever src/services/storage-schema.ts or migrations/0001_init.sql
 // changes. Existing D1 installs only rerun ensureStorageSchema() when this value
 // differs from config.schema.version.
-const STORAGE_SCHEMA_VERSION = '2026-07-05-passkey-2fa';
+const STORAGE_SCHEMA_VERSION = '2026-07-13-refresh-session-reuse';
 const REQUIRED_SCHEMA_TABLES = ['webauthn_credentials', 'webauthn_challenges', 'auth_requests', 'totp_login_replays'] as const;

 // D1-backed storage.
@@ -632,9 +634,13 @@ export class StorageService {
    userId: string,
    expiresAtMs?: number,
    deviceIdentifier?: string | null,
-    deviceSessionStamp?: string | null
+    deviceSessionStamp?: string | null,
+    securityStamp?: string | null,
+    clientType?: string | null,
+    absoluteExpiresAtMs?: number | null
  ): Promise<void> {
-    const expiresAt = expiresAtMs ?? (Date.now() + LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenTtlMs);
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const expiresAt = expiresAtMs ?? (now + LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenDefaultSlidingTtlMs);
    await saveStoredRefreshToken(
      this.db,
      this.refreshTokenKey.bind(this),
@@ -643,7 +649,10 @@ export class StorageService {
      userId,
      expiresAt,
      deviceIdentifier,
-      deviceSessionStamp
+      deviceSessionStamp,
+      securityStamp,
+      clientType,
+      absoluteExpiresAtMs ?? (now + LIMITS.auth.refreshTokenAbsoluteTtlMs)
    );
  }

@@ -717,11 +726,16 @@ export class StorageService {
    return deleteStoredRefreshTokensByDevice(this.db, userId, deviceIdentifier);
  }

-  // Keep a short overlap window for rotated refresh token to reduce
-  // multi-context refresh races (e.g. browser extension popup/background).
-  // Expiry is only tightened, never extended.
-  async constrainRefreshTokenExpiry(token: string, maxExpiresAtMs: number): Promise<void> {
-    await constrainStoredRefreshTokenExpiry(this.db, this.refreshTokenKey.bind(this), token, maxExpiresAtMs);
+  async extendRefreshTokenExpiry(token: string, requestedExpiresAtMs: number, nowMs: number = Date.now()): Promise<boolean> {
+    return extendStoredRefreshTokenExpiry(this.db, this.refreshTokenKey.bind(this), token, requestedExpiresAtMs, nowMs);
+  }
+
+  async bindRefreshTokenSecurityStamp(token: string, securityStamp: string): Promise<void> {
+    await bindStoredRefreshTokenSecurityStamp(this.db, this.refreshTokenKey.bind(this), token, securityStamp);
+  }
+
+  async bindRefreshTokenDeviceStamp(token: string, deviceSessionStamp: string): Promise<void> {
+    await bindStoredRefreshTokenDeviceStamp(this.db, this.refreshTokenKey.bind(this), token, deviceSessionStamp);
  }

  private async trustedTwoFactorTokenKey(token: string): Promise<string> {
@@ -402,6 +402,11 @@ export interface RefreshTokenRecord {
  expiresAt: number;
  deviceIdentifier: string | null;
  deviceSessionStamp: string | null;
+  securityStamp: string | null;
+  createdAt: number | null;
+  lastUsedAt: number | null;
+  absoluteExpiresAt: number | null;
+  clientType: string | null;
 }

 export interface TrustedDeviceTokenSummary {
@@ -144,7 +144,12 @@ export function unsupportedResponse(message: string = 'This feature is not suppo
 }

 // Identity endpoint error response (for /identity/connect/token)
-export function identityErrorResponse(message: string, error: string = 'invalid_grant', status: number = 400): Response {
+export function identityErrorResponse(
+  message: string,
+  error: string = 'invalid_grant',
+  status: number = 400,
+  headers: Record<string, string> = {}
+): Response {
  return jsonResponse(
    {
      error: error,
@@ -154,7 +159,8 @@ export function identityErrorResponse(message: string, error: string = 'invalid_
        Object: 'error',
      },
    },
-    status
+    status,
+    { 'Cache-Control': 'no-store', Pragma: 'no-cache', ...headers }
  );
 }

@@ -253,6 +253,8 @@ export default function App() {
  const [lockTimeoutMinutes, setLockTimeoutMinutesState] = useState<LockTimeoutMinutes>(() => readLockTimeoutMinutes());
  const [sessionTimeoutAction, setSessionTimeoutActionState] = useState<SessionTimeoutAction>(() => readSessionTimeoutAction());
  const [unlockPreparing, setUnlockPreparing] = useState(() => initialBootstrap.phase === 'locked' && !initialBootstrap.session?.email);
+  const [lockedSessionRefreshError, setLockedSessionRefreshError] = useState('');
+  const [lockedSessionRetryKey, setLockedSessionRetryKey] = useState(0);

  const [confirm, setConfirm] = useState<AppConfirmState | null>(null);
  const [mobileLayout, setMobileLayout] = useState(false);
@@ -269,6 +271,7 @@ export default function App() {
  const [vaultDecryptError, setVaultDecryptError] = useState('');
  const [sendsDecryptDone, setSendsDecryptDone] = useState(false);
  const sessionRef = useRef<SessionState | null>(initialBootstrap.session);
+  const lockedSessionRetryAttemptRef = useRef(0);
  const silentRefreshVaultRef = useRef<() => Promise<void>>(async () => {});
  const refreshAuthorizedDevicesRef = useRef<() => Promise<void>>(async () => {});
  const refreshPendingAuthRequestsRef = useRef<() => Promise<void>>(async () => {});
@@ -503,13 +506,15 @@ export default function App() {
    if (phase !== 'locked' || !session) return;
    if (IS_DEMO_MODE) return;
    let cancelled = false;
+    let retryTimerId: number | null = null;
    void (async () => {
      const result = await hydrateLockedSession(session, profile);
      if (cancelled) return;
-      if (!result.session) {
+      if (result.kind === 'expired') {
        setSession(null);
        setProfile(null);
        setUnlockPreparing(false);
+        setLockedSessionRefreshError('');
        setPhase('login');
        if (location !== '/login') navigate('/login');
        return;
@@ -518,11 +523,43 @@ export default function App() {
      if (result.profile) {
        setProfile(stripProfileSecrets(result.profile));
      }
+      if (result.kind === 'transient') {
+        setUnlockPreparing(false);
+        setLockedSessionRefreshError(result.message || t('txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable'));
+        const retrySchedule = [2_000, 5_000, 15_000, 30_000, 60_000];
+        const scheduledDelay = retrySchedule[Math.min(lockedSessionRetryAttemptRef.current, retrySchedule.length - 1)];
+        lockedSessionRetryAttemptRef.current += 1;
+        const retryAfterMs = Math.min(60_000, Math.max(scheduledDelay, result.retryAfterMs || 0));
+        retryTimerId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          setLockedSessionRetryKey((value) => value + 1);
+        }, retryAfterMs);
+        return;
+      }
+      lockedSessionRetryAttemptRef.current = 0;
+      setLockedSessionRefreshError('');
    })();
    return () => {
      cancelled = true;
+      if (retryTimerId !== null) window.clearTimeout(retryTimerId);
    };
-  }, [phase, session?.email, location, navigate]);
+  }, [phase, session?.email, location, navigate, lockedSessionRetryKey]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!lockedSessionRefreshError || phase !== 'locked') return;
+    const retryNow = () => {
+      lockedSessionRetryAttemptRef.current = 0;
+      setLockedSessionRetryKey((value) => value + 1);
+    };
+    const handleVisibility = () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === 'visible') retryNow();
+    };
+    window.addEventListener('online', retryNow);
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', handleVisibility);
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('online', retryNow);
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', handleVisibility);
+    };
+  }, [lockedSessionRefreshError, phase]);

  async function finalizeLogin(login: CompletedLogin) {
    loginScopedBackupRepairAuthRef.current =
@@ -536,6 +573,7 @@ export default function App() {
    setSession(login.session);
    setProfile(login.profile);
    setUnlockPreparing(false);
+    setLockedSessionRefreshError('');
    setPendingTotp(null);
    setPendingTotpMode(null);
    setPendingPasskeyPassword(null);
@@ -884,6 +922,7 @@ export default function App() {
    setPendingTotpMode(null);
    setTotpCode('');
    setUnlockPreparing(false);
+    setLockedSessionRefreshError('');
    setPhase('locked');
    navigate('/lock');
  }
@@ -2221,6 +2260,7 @@ export default function App() {
          unlockPlaceholder={IS_DEMO_MODE ? t('txt_demo_unlock_placeholder') : undefined}
          unlockReady={!!session?.email}
          unlockPreparing={unlockPreparing}
+          sessionRefreshError={lockedSessionRefreshError}
          loginValues={loginValues}
          pendingPasskeyPasswordEmail={pendingPasskeyPassword?.email || null}
          passkeyPassword={passkeyPassword}
@@ -2261,6 +2301,11 @@ export default function App() {
          onLogout={logoutNow}
          onTogglePasswordHint={() => void handleTogglePasswordHint()}
          onShowLockedPasswordHint={handleShowLockedPasswordHint}
+          onRetrySessionRefresh={() => {
+            lockedSessionRetryAttemptRef.current = 0;
+            setLockedSessionRefreshError('');
+            setLockedSessionRetryKey((value) => value + 1);
+          }}
        />
        <AppGlobalOverlays
          toasts={toasts}
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { ArrowUpDown, Check, ChevronDown, Clock3, Cloud, FileClock, Folder as FolderIcon, KeyRound, Lock, LogOut, MonitorSmartphone, Send as SendIcon, Settings as SettingsIcon, ShieldCheck, ShieldUser, SlidersHorizontal, Sparkles, Users } from 'lucide-preact';
+import { ArrowUpDown, ChevronDown, Clock3, Cloud, FileClock, Folder as FolderIcon, KeyRound, Lock, LogOut, MonitorSmartphone, Send as SendIcon, Settings as SettingsIcon, ShieldCheck, ShieldUser, Sparkles, Users } from 'lucide-preact';
 import type { ComponentChildren } from 'preact';
-import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'preact/hooks';
+import { useState } from 'preact/hooks';
 import { Link } from 'wouter';
 import AppMainRoutes from '@/components/AppMainRoutes';
 import NetworkStatusBadge from '@/components/NetworkStatusBadge';
@@ -28,19 +28,32 @@ interface AppAuthenticatedShellProps {
  mainRoutesProps: AppMainRoutesProps;
 }

-type NavLayoutMode = 'flat' | 'grouped-expanded' | 'grouped-smart';
+const NAV_GROUPS_STORAGE_KEY = 'nodewarden.navGroups';

-const NAV_LAYOUT_STORAGE_KEY = 'nodewarden.navLayoutMode';
+const DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS = {
+  tools: true,
+  settings: true,
+  management: true,
+};

-function readNavLayoutMode(): NavLayoutMode {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return 'flat';
+type NavGroup = keyof typeof DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS;
+type ExpandedGroups = Record<NavGroup, boolean>;
+
+function readExpandedGroups(): ExpandedGroups {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS;
  try {
-    const saved = window.localStorage.getItem(NAV_LAYOUT_STORAGE_KEY);
-    if (saved === 'flat' || saved === 'grouped-expanded' || saved === 'grouped-smart') return saved;
+    const saved = window.localStorage.getItem(NAV_GROUPS_STORAGE_KEY);
+    if (!saved) return DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS;
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(saved) as Partial<ExpandedGroups>;
+    return {
+      tools: typeof parsed.tools === 'boolean' ? parsed.tools : DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS.tools,
+      settings: typeof parsed.settings === 'boolean' ? parsed.settings : DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS.settings,
+      management: typeof parsed.management === 'boolean' ? parsed.management : DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS.management,
+    };
  } catch {
    // Ignore local preference read failures.
  }
-  return 'flat';
+  return DEFAULT_EXPANDED_GROUPS;
 }

 function isAdminProfile(profile: Profile | null): boolean {
@@ -55,58 +68,19 @@ export default function AppAuthenticatedShell(props: AppAuthenticatedShellProps)
  const isDomainRulesRoute = props.location === '/settings/domain-rules';
  const isLogRoute = props.location === '/logs';
  const isAdmin = isAdminProfile(props.profile);
-  const vaultActive = props.location === '/vault' || props.location === '/vault/totp' || props.location === '/security/password-health';
  const deviceManagementActive = props.location === DEVICE_MANAGEMENT_ROUTE || props.location === LEGACY_DEVICE_MANAGEMENT_ROUTE;
-  const settingsActive = props.location === '/settings' || props.location === props.settingsAccountRoute || props.location === '/settings/domain-rules' || deviceManagementActive;
-  const flatSettingsActive = settingsActive && !deviceManagementActive;
-  const dataActive = props.location === '/backup' || props.isImportRoute;
-  const managementActive = props.location === '/admin' || props.location === '/logs';
-  const [navLayoutMode, setNavLayoutMode] = useState<NavLayoutMode>(readNavLayoutMode);
-  const [navLayoutPickerOpen, setNavLayoutPickerOpen] = useState(false);
-  const navLayoutPickerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const [expandedGroups, setExpandedGroups] = useState({
-    vault: true,
-    settings: false,
-    data: false,
-    management: false,
-  });
+  const [expandedGroups, setExpandedGroups] = useState<ExpandedGroups>(readExpandedGroups);

-  useEffect(() => {
-    const onPointerDown = (event: Event) => {
-      if (!navLayoutPickerOpen) return;
-      const target = event.target as Node | null;
-      if (navLayoutPickerRef.current && target && !navLayoutPickerRef.current.contains(target)) {
-        setNavLayoutPickerOpen(false);
-      }
-    };
-    const onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (event.key === 'Escape') setNavLayoutPickerOpen(false);
-    };
-    document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown);
-    document.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown);
-    return () => {
-      document.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown);
-      document.removeEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown);
-    };
-  }, [navLayoutPickerOpen]);
-
-  function setNavMode(mode: NavLayoutMode): void {
-    setNavLayoutMode(mode);
-    setNavLayoutPickerOpen(false);
+  function toggleGroup(group: NavGroup): void {
+    setExpandedGroups((current) => {
+      const next = { ...current, [group]: !current[group] };
      try {
-      window.localStorage.setItem(NAV_LAYOUT_STORAGE_KEY, mode);
+        window.localStorage.setItem(NAV_GROUPS_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(next));
      } catch {
        // Ignore local preference write failures.
      }
-  }
-
-  function toggleGroup(group: keyof typeof expandedGroups): void {
-    setExpandedGroups((current) => ({ ...current, [group]: !current[group] }));
-  }
-
-  function groupOpen(group: keyof typeof expandedGroups, active: boolean): boolean {
-    if (navLayoutMode === 'grouped-expanded') return true;
-    return expandedGroups[group] || active;
+      return next;
+    });
  }

  function renderSideLink(href: string, active: boolean, icon: ComponentChildren, label: string) {
@@ -127,18 +101,17 @@ export default function AppAuthenticatedShell(props: AppAuthenticatedShellProps)
  }

  function renderNavGroup(
-    group: keyof typeof expandedGroups,
+    group: NavGroup,
    title: string,
    icon: ComponentChildren,
-    active: boolean,
    children: ComponentChildren
  ) {
-    const open = groupOpen(group, active);
+    const open = expandedGroups[group];
    return (
      <div className={`side-nav-group ${open ? 'open' : ''}`}>
        <button
          type="button"
-          className={`side-group-trigger ${active ? 'active' : ''}`}
+          className="side-group-trigger"
          aria-expanded={open}
          onClick={() => toggleGroup(group)}
        >
@@ -155,82 +128,40 @@ export default function AppAuthenticatedShell(props: AppAuthenticatedShellProps)
    );
  }

-  const navLayoutOptions: Array<{ mode: NavLayoutMode; label: string }> = [
-    {
-      mode: 'flat',
-      label: t('txt_nav_layout_flat'),
-    },
-    {
-      mode: 'grouped-expanded',
-      label: t('txt_nav_layout_grouped_expanded'),
-    },
-    {
-      mode: 'grouped-smart',
-      label: t('txt_nav_layout_grouped_smart'),
-    },
-  ];
-
-  const navLayoutLabel = navLayoutOptions.find((option) => option.mode === navLayoutMode)?.label || t('txt_nav_layout_flat');
-  const flatNav = (
-    <>
-      {renderSideLink('/vault', props.location === '/vault', <KeyRound size={16} />, t('nav_vault_items'))}
-      {renderSideLink('/vault/totp', props.location === '/vault/totp', <Clock3 size={16} />, t('txt_verification_code'))}
-      {renderSideLink('/security/password-health', props.location === '/security/password-health', <ShieldCheck size={16} />, t('nav_password_security'))}
-      {renderSideLink('/generator', props.location === '/generator', <Sparkles size={16} />, t('nav_generator'))}
-      {renderSideLink('/sends', props.location === '/sends', <SendIcon size={16} />, t('nav_sends'))}
-      {renderSideLink('/settings', flatSettingsActive, <SettingsIcon size={16} />, t('txt_settings'))}
-      {renderSideLink(DEVICE_MANAGEMENT_ROUTE, deviceManagementActive, <MonitorSmartphone size={16} />, t('nav_device_management'))}
-      {isAdmin && renderSideLink('/backup', props.location === '/backup', <Cloud size={16} />, t('nav_backup_strategy'))}
-      {renderSideLink(props.importRoute, props.isImportRoute, <ArrowUpDown size={16} />, t('nav_import_export'))}
-      {isAdmin && renderSideLink('/admin', props.location === '/admin', <Users size={16} />, t('nav_admin_panel'))}
-      {isAdmin && renderSideLink('/logs', props.location === '/logs', <FileClock size={16} />, t('nav_log_center'))}
-    </>
-  );
-
  const groupedNav = (
    <>
-      {renderNavGroup(
-        'vault',
-        t('nav_my_vault'),
-        <KeyRound size={16} />,
-        vaultActive,
-        <>
-          {renderSubLink('/vault', props.location === '/vault', t('nav_vault_items'))}
-          {renderSubLink('/vault/totp', props.location === '/vault/totp', t('txt_verification_code'))}
-          {renderSubLink('/security/password-health', props.location === '/security/password-health', t('nav_password_security'))}
-        </>
-      )}
-      {renderSideLink('/generator', props.location === '/generator', <Sparkles size={16} />, t('nav_generator'))}
+      {renderSideLink('/vault', props.location === '/vault', <KeyRound size={16} />, t('nav_vault_items'))}
      {renderSideLink('/sends', props.location === '/sends', <SendIcon size={16} />, t('nav_sends'))}
      {renderNavGroup(
-        'settings',
-        t('txt_settings'),
-        <SettingsIcon size={16} />,
-        settingsActive,
+        'tools',
+        t('nav_group_tools'),
+        <Sparkles size={16} />,
        <>
-          {renderSubLink(props.settingsAccountRoute, props.location === props.settingsAccountRoute, t('nav_account_settings'))}
-          {renderSubLink('/settings/domain-rules', props.location === '/settings/domain-rules', t('nav_domain_rules'))}
-          {renderSubLink(DEVICE_MANAGEMENT_ROUTE, deviceManagementActive, t('nav_device_management'))}
-        </>
-      )}
-      {renderNavGroup(
-        'data',
-        t('nav_group_data_backup'),
-        <Cloud size={16} />,
-        dataActive,
-        <>
-          {isAdmin && renderSubLink('/backup', props.location === '/backup', t('nav_backup_strategy'))}
+          {renderSubLink('/vault/totp', props.location === '/vault/totp', t('txt_verification_code'))}
+          {renderSubLink('/generator', props.location === '/generator', t('nav_generator'))}
+          {renderSubLink('/security/password-health', props.location === '/security/password-health', t('nav_password_security'))}
          {renderSubLink(props.importRoute, props.isImportRoute, t('nav_import_export'))}
        </>
      )}
      {renderNavGroup(
-        'management',
-        t('nav_group_management'),
-        <ShieldUser size={16} />,
-        managementActive,
+        'settings',
+        t('txt_settings'),
+        <SettingsIcon size={16} />,
        <>
-          {isAdmin && renderSubLink('/admin', props.location === '/admin', t('nav_admin_panel'))}
-          {isAdmin && renderSubLink('/logs', props.location === '/logs', t('nav_log_center'))}
+          {renderSubLink(props.settingsAccountRoute, props.location === props.settingsAccountRoute, t('nav_account_settings'))}
+          {renderSubLink(DEVICE_MANAGEMENT_ROUTE, deviceManagementActive, t('nav_device_management'))}
+          {renderSubLink('/settings/domain-rules', props.location === '/settings/domain-rules', t('nav_domain_rules'))}
+        </>
+      )}
+      {isAdmin &&
+        renderNavGroup(
+          'management',
+          t('nav_group_system_management'),
+          <ShieldUser size={16} />,
+          <>
+            {renderSubLink('/backup', props.location === '/backup', t('nav_backup_strategy'))}
+            {renderSubLink('/admin', props.location === '/admin', t('nav_admin_panel'))}
+            {renderSubLink('/logs', props.location === '/logs', t('nav_log_center'))}
          </>
        )}
    </>
@@ -281,38 +212,7 @@ export default function AppAuthenticatedShell(props: AppAuthenticatedShellProps)
        <div className="app-main">
          <aside className="app-side">
            <div className="side-nav-main">
-              {navLayoutMode === 'flat' ? flatNav : groupedNav}
-            </div>
-            <div className="nav-layout-control" ref={navLayoutPickerRef}>
-              {navLayoutPickerOpen && (
-                <div className="nav-layout-menu" role="menu">
-                  {navLayoutOptions.map((option) => (
-                    <button
-                      key={option.mode}
-                      type="button"
-                      className={`nav-layout-option ${navLayoutMode === option.mode ? 'active' : ''}`}
-                      onClick={() => setNavMode(option.mode)}
-                      role="menuitemradio"
-                      aria-checked={navLayoutMode === option.mode}
-                    >
-                      <span className="nav-layout-option-text">
-                        <strong>{option.label}</strong>
-                      </span>
-                      {navLayoutMode === option.mode && <Check size={15} className="nav-layout-check" />}
-                    </button>
-                  ))}
-                </div>
-              )}
-              <button
-                type="button"
-                className={`nav-layout-trigger ${navLayoutPickerOpen ? 'active' : ''}`}
-                aria-haspopup="menu"
-                aria-expanded={navLayoutPickerOpen}
-                onClick={() => setNavLayoutPickerOpen((open) => !open)}
-                title={t('txt_nav_layout')}
-              >
-                <SlidersHorizontal size={15} />
-              </button>
+              {groupedNav}
            </div>
          </aside>
          <main className="content">
@@ -210,9 +210,19 @@ export default function AppMainRoutes(props: AppMainRoutesProps) {
  return (
    <Switch>
      <Route path="/security/password-health">
+        <div className="stack">
+          {props.mobileLayout && (
+            <div className="mobile-settings-subhead">
+              <button type="button" className="btn btn-secondary small mobile-settings-back" onClick={() => props.onNavigate(props.settingsHomeRoute)}>
+                <span className="btn-icon" aria-hidden="true">{"<"}</span>
+                {t('txt_back')}
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          )}
          <Suspense fallback={<RouteContentFallback />}>
            <PasswordSecurityPage ciphers={props.decryptedCiphers} loading={props.ciphersLoading} />
          </Suspense>
+        </div>
      </Route>
      <Route path="/generator">
        <Suspense fallback={<RouteContentFallback />}>
@@ -333,6 +343,19 @@ export default function AppMainRoutes(props: AppMainRoutesProps) {
      <Route path="/settings">
        {props.profile ? (
          <section className="card mobile-settings-card settings-home-card">
+            <div className="settings-home-section">
+              <h3>{t('nav_group_tools')}</h3>
+              <div className="mobile-settings-links">
+                <Link href="/security/password-health" className="mobile-settings-link">
+                  <ShieldCheck size={18} />
+                  <span>{t('nav_password_security')}</span>
+                </Link>
+                <Link href={props.importRoute} className="mobile-settings-link">
+                  <ArrowUpDown size={18} />
+                  <span>{t('nav_import_export')}</span>
+                </Link>
+              </div>
+            </div>
            <div className="settings-home-section">
              <h3>{t('txt_settings')}</h3>
              <div className="mobile-settings-links">
@@ -340,10 +363,6 @@ export default function AppMainRoutes(props: AppMainRoutesProps) {
                  <SettingsIcon size={18} />
                  <span>{t('nav_account_settings')}</span>
                </Link>
-                <Link href="/security/password-health" className="mobile-settings-link">
-                  <ShieldCheck size={18} />
-                  <span>{t('nav_password_security')}</span>
-                </Link>
                <Link href="/settings/security/device-management" className="mobile-settings-link">
                  <Shield size={18} />
                  <span>{t('nav_device_management')}</span>
@@ -354,25 +373,14 @@ export default function AppMainRoutes(props: AppMainRoutesProps) {
                </Link>
              </div>
            </div>
-            <div className="settings-home-section">
-              <h3>{t('nav_group_data_backup')}</h3>
-              <div className="mobile-settings-links">
-                <Link href={props.importRoute} className="mobile-settings-link">
-                  <ArrowUpDown size={18} />
-                  <span>{t('nav_import_export')}</span>
-                </Link>
            {isAdmin && (
+              <div className="settings-home-section">
+                <h3>{t('nav_group_system_management')}</h3>
+                <div className="mobile-settings-links">
                  <Link href="/backup" className="mobile-settings-link">
                    <Cloud size={18} />
                    <span>{t('nav_backup_strategy')}</span>
                  </Link>
-                )}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-            {isAdmin && (
-              <div className="settings-home-section">
-                <h3>{t('nav_group_management')}</h3>
-                <div className="mobile-settings-links">
                  <Link href="/admin" className="mobile-settings-link">
                    <ShieldUser size={18} />
                    <span>{t('nav_admin_panel')}</span>
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ interface AuthViewsProps {
  pendingAction: 'login' | 'passkey' | 'register' | 'unlock' | null;
  unlockReady: boolean;
  unlockPreparing: boolean;
+  sessionRefreshError?: string;
  loginValues: LoginValues;
  pendingPasskeyPasswordEmail?: string | null;
  passkeyPassword: string;
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ interface AuthViewsProps {
  onLogout: () => void;
  onTogglePasswordHint: () => void;
  onShowLockedPasswordHint: () => void;
+  onRetrySessionRefresh: () => void;
 }

 function PasswordField(props: {
@@ -155,6 +157,19 @@ export default function AuthViews(props: AuthViewsProps) {
            {props.unlockPreparing ? (
              <p className="muted standalone-muted">{t('txt_loading')}</p>
            ) : null}
+            {props.sessionRefreshError ? (
+              <div className="offline-mode-notice" role="alert" aria-live="polite">
+                <AlertTriangle size={18} />
+                <div>
+                  <strong>{props.sessionRefreshError}</strong>
+                  <div>
+                    <button type="button" className="auth-link-btn" onClick={props.onRetrySessionRefresh}>
+                      {t('txt_refresh')}
+                    </button>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
            <button type="submit" className="btn btn-primary full" disabled={unlockBusy || passkeyBusy || props.unlockPreparing || !props.unlockReady}>
              <Unlock size={16} className="btn-icon" />
              {unlockBusy ? t('txt_unlocking') : props.unlockPreparing ? t('txt_loading') : t('txt_unlock')}
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ interface RefreshFailure {
  ok: false;
  transient: boolean;
  error: string;
+  retryAfterMs?: number;
 }

 interface RefreshSuccess {
@@ -333,8 +334,8 @@ export async function loginWithAccountPasskeyAssertion(assertion: AccountPasskey
  return json;
 }

-function isTransientRefreshStatus(status: number): boolean {
-  return status === 0 || status === 429 || status >= 500;
+function isPermanentRefreshFailure(status: number, errorCode: string | undefined): boolean {
+  return status === 400 && (errorCode === 'invalid_grant' || errorCode === 'invalid_request');
 }

 export async function refreshAccessToken(session: SessionState): Promise<RefreshResult> {
@@ -346,6 +347,8 @@ export async function refreshAccessToken(session: SessionState): Promise<Refresh
  try {
    const resp = await fetch('/identity/connect/token', {
      method: 'POST',
+      cache: 'no-store',
+      credentials: 'same-origin',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
        ...(session.authMode === 'web-cookie' ? { [WEB_SESSION_HEADER]: '1' } : {}),
@@ -354,15 +357,19 @@ export async function refreshAccessToken(session: SessionState): Promise<Refresh
    });
    if (!resp.ok) {
      const json = await parseJson<TokenError>(resp);
+      const retryAfterSeconds = Number(resp.headers.get('Retry-After') || 0);
      return {
        ok: false,
-        transient: isTransientRefreshStatus(resp.status),
-        error: translateServerError(json?.error_description || json?.error, t('txt_session_refresh_failed')),
+        transient: !isPermanentRefreshFailure(resp.status, json?.error),
+        error: translateServerError(json?.error_description || json?.error, t('txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable')),
+        ...(Number.isFinite(retryAfterSeconds) && retryAfterSeconds > 0
+          ? { retryAfterMs: retryAfterSeconds * 1000 }
+          : {}),
      };
    }
    const json = await parseJson<TokenSuccess>(resp);
    if (!json?.access_token) {
-      return { ok: false, transient: false, error: t('txt_session_refresh_failed') };
+      return { ok: false, transient: true, error: t('txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable') };
    }
    return { ok: true, token: json };
  } catch (error) {
@@ -400,6 +407,8 @@ export async function revokeCurrentSession(session: SessionState | null): Promis
  }
  await fetch('/identity/connect/revocation', {
    method: 'POST',
+    cache: 'no-store',
+    credentials: 'same-origin',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
      ...(session?.accessToken ? { Authorization: `Bearer ${session.accessToken}` } : {}),
@@ -199,26 +199,43 @@ function decodeJwtExp(accessToken: string | undefined): number | null {
  }
 }

-async function maybeRefreshSession(session: SessionState): Promise<SessionState | null> {
-  if (!session.refreshToken && session.authMode !== 'web-cookie') return session.accessToken ? session : null;
+type SessionRefreshOutcome =
+  | { kind: 'success'; session: SessionState }
+  | { kind: 'transient'; session: SessionState; message: string; retryAfterMs?: number }
+  | { kind: 'expired' };
+
+async function maybeRefreshSession(session: SessionState): Promise<SessionRefreshOutcome> {
+  if (!session.refreshToken && session.authMode !== 'web-cookie') {
+    return session.accessToken ? { kind: 'success', session } : { kind: 'expired' };
+  }
  const exp = decodeJwtExp(session.accessToken);
  const nowSeconds = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);

  if (session.accessToken && exp !== null && exp - nowSeconds > 60) {
-    return session;
+    return { kind: 'success', session };
  }

  const refreshed = await refreshAccessToken(session);
  if (!refreshed.ok) {
-    if (refreshed.transient) return session;
-    return session.accessToken && exp !== null && exp > nowSeconds ? session : null;
+    if (refreshed.transient) {
+      return {
+        kind: 'transient',
+        session,
+        message: refreshed.error || t('txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable'),
+        retryAfterMs: refreshed.retryAfterMs,
+      };
+    }
+    return { kind: 'expired' };
  }

  return {
+    kind: 'success',
+    session: {
      ...session,
      accessToken: refreshed.token.access_token,
      refreshToken: refreshed.token.refresh_token || session.refreshToken,
      authMode: refreshed.token.web_session ? 'web-cookie' : (session.authMode || 'token'),
+    },
  };
 }

@@ -388,25 +405,41 @@ export async function bootstrapAppSession(initial: InitialAppBootstrapState = re
 export async function hydrateLockedSession(
  session: SessionState,
  fallbackProfile: Profile | null = null
-): Promise<{ session: SessionState | null; profile: Profile | null }> {
+): Promise<
+  | { kind: 'ready'; session: SessionState; profile: Profile | null }
+  | { kind: 'transient'; session: SessionState; profile: Profile | null; message: string; retryAfterMs?: number }
+  | { kind: 'expired'; session: null; profile: null }
+> {
  const hasOfflineUnlock = hasOfflineUnlockRecord(session.email);
  if (hasOfflineUnlock && browserReportsOffline()) {
    return {
+      kind: 'ready',
      session,
      profile: fallbackProfile || loadOfflineProfileSnapshot(session.email),
    };
  }

-  const refreshedSession = await maybeRefreshSession(session);
-  if (!refreshedSession?.accessToken) {
+  const refreshOutcome = await maybeRefreshSession(session);
+  if (refreshOutcome.kind === 'expired') {
+    return { kind: 'expired', session: null, profile: null };
+  }
+  if (refreshOutcome.kind === 'transient') {
    if (hasOfflineUnlock && (browserReportsOffline() || !(await probeNodeWardenService()))) {
      return {
+        kind: 'ready',
        session,
        profile: fallbackProfile || loadOfflineProfileSnapshot(session.email),
      };
    }
-    return { session: null, profile: null };
+    return {
+      kind: 'transient',
+      session,
+      profile: fallbackProfile,
+      message: refreshOutcome.message,
+      retryAfterMs: refreshOutcome.retryAfterMs,
+    };
  }
+  const refreshedSession = refreshOutcome.session;
  try {
    const profile = await getProfile(
      createAuthedFetch(
@@ -415,11 +448,13 @@ export async function hydrateLockedSession(
      )
    );
    return {
+      kind: 'ready',
      session: refreshedSession,
      profile,
    };
  } catch {
    return {
+      kind: 'ready',
      session: refreshedSession,
      profile: fallbackProfile,
    };
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ const de: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Import und Export",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Daten & Backup",
  "nav_group_management": "Verwaltung",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Werkzeuge",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Systemverwaltung",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Erscheinungsbild",
  "txt_theme": "Design",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Systemdesign verwenden",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const de: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Fehler beim Speichern des Profils",
  "txt_search_sends": "Sendungen suchen...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Sitzungsaktualisierung fehlgeschlagen. Bitte melden Sie sich erneut an.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "Die Sitzung kann vorübergehend nicht geprüft werden. Die Anmeldung bleibt erhalten und wird erneut versucht.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Ihren sicheren Tresor durchsuchen...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "In {count} Einträgen suchen...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Suche löschen",
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ const en: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Import & Export",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Data & Backup",
  "nav_group_management": "Management",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Tools",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "System Management",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Appearance",
  "txt_theme": "Theme",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Use system theme",
@@ -1002,6 +1004,7 @@ const en: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Save profile failed",
  "txt_search_sends": "Search sends...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Session refresh failed. Please sign in again.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "Session verification is temporarily unavailable. Your login is preserved and will retry.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Search your secure vault...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Search within {count} items...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Clear search",
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ const es: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Importar y exportar",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Datos y copias",
  "nav_group_management": "Gestión",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Herramientas",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Administración del sistema",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Apariencia",
  "txt_theme": "Tema",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Usar tema del sistema",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const es: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Error al guardar perfil",
  "txt_search_sends": "Buscar envíos...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Error al actualizar la sesión. Inicia sesión de nuevo.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "La sesión no se puede verificar temporalmente. Tu inicio de sesión se conserva y se volverá a intentar.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Buscar en su bóveda segura...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Buscar entre {count} elementos...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Limpiar búsqueda",
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ const fi: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Tuonti ja Vienti",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Data & Varmuuskopiointi",
  "nav_group_management": "Hallinta",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Työkalut",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Järjestelmän hallinta",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Ulkoasu",
  "txt_theme": "Teema",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Käytä järjestelmän teemaa",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const fi: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Profiilin tallennus epäonnistui",
  "txt_search_sends": "Hae lähetyksiä...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Istunnon päivitys epäonnistui. Kirjaudu sisään uudelleen.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "Istuntoa ei voida tarkistaa juuri nyt. Kirjautuminen säilytetään ja tarkistusta yritetään uudelleen.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Hae turvallisesta holvistasi...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Hae {count} nimikkeen joukosta...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Tyhjennä haku",
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ const fr: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Importer & Exporter",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Données & Sauvegarde",
  "nav_group_management": "Gestion",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Outils",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Administration système",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Apparence",
  "txt_theme": "Thème",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Utiliser le thème du système",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const fr: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "L'enregistrement du profil a échoué",
  "txt_search_sends": "Rechercher des envois...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "L'actualisation de la session a échoué. Veuillez vous reconnecter.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "La session ne peut pas être vérifiée temporairement. Votre connexion est conservée et une nouvelle tentative sera effectuée.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Recherchez dans votre coffre-fort sécurisé...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Rechercher parmi {count} éléments...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Effacer la recherche",
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ const it: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Importa ed Esporta",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Dati e Backup",
  "nav_group_management": "Gestione",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Strumenti",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Gestione del sistema",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Aspetto",
  "txt_theme": "Tema",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Usa il tema del sistema",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const it: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Salvataggio Profilo fallito",
  "txt_search_sends": "Cerca invii...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Aggiornamento della sessione fallito. Per favore, accedi di nuovo.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "La sessione non può essere verificata temporaneamente. L'accesso viene mantenuto e verrà effettuato un nuovo tentativo.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Cerca nella tua cassaforte sicura...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Cerca in {count} elementi...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Cancella Ricerca",
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ const ru: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Импорт и экспорт",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Данные и резервные копии",
  "nav_group_management": "Управление",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Инструменты",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Управление системой",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Внешний вид",
  "txt_theme": "Тема",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Использовать системную тему",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const ru: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Сохранить профиль не удалось",
  "txt_search_sends": "Поиск отправляет...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Не удалось обновить сеанс. Войдите снова.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "Сеанс временно не удаётся проверить. Вход сохранён, проверка будет повторена.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Найдите свое безопасное хранилище...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Поиск по {count} элементам...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Очистить поиск",
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ const sv: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "Importera och Exportera",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "Data och Säkerhetskopiering",
  "nav_group_management": "Hantering",
+  "nav_group_tools": "Verktyg",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "Systemadministration",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "Utseende",
  "txt_theme": "Tema",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "Använd systemtema",
@@ -979,6 +981,7 @@ const sv: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "Misslyckades med att spara profil",
  "txt_search_sends": "Sök sändningar...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "Sessionsuppdatering misslyckades. Vänligen logga in igen.",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "Sessionen kan inte verifieras tillfälligt. Inloggningen bevaras och ett nytt försök görs.",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "Sök i ditt säkra valv...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "Sök bland {count} objekt...",
  "txt_clear_search": "Rensa sökning",
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const zhCN: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "导入导出",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "数据与备份",
  "nav_group_management": "管理",
+  "nav_group_tools": "工具",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "系统管理",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "外观",
  "txt_theme": "主题",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "使用系统主题",
@@ -982,6 +984,7 @@ const zhCN: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "保存资料失败",
  "txt_search_sends": "搜索 Send...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "会话刷新失败，请重新登录",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "暂时无法验证会话，登录状态已保留，稍后会自动重试",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "搜索你的密码库...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "共 {count} 项中搜索...",
  "txt_clear_search": "清空搜索",
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const zhTW: Record<string, string> = {
  "nav_import_export": "導入導出",
  "nav_group_data_backup": "資料與備份",
  "nav_group_management": "管理",
+  "nav_group_tools": "工具",
+  "nav_group_system_management": "系統管理",
  "txt_settings_appearance": "外觀",
  "txt_theme": "主題",
  "txt_use_system_theme": "使用系統主題",
@@ -982,6 +984,7 @@ const zhTW: Record<string, string> = {
  "txt_save_profile_failed": "保存資料失敗",
  "txt_search_sends": "搜索 Send...",
  "txt_session_refresh_failed": "會話刷新失敗，請重新登入",
+  "txt_session_refresh_temporarily_unavailable": "暫時無法驗證會話，登入狀態已保留，稍後會自動重試",
  "txt_search_your_secure_vault": "搜索你的密碼庫...",
  "txt_search_items_count": "在共 {count} 項中搜索...",
  "txt_clear_search": "清空搜索",
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ h4 {
 }

 .card {
-  margin-bottom: 0px;
+  margin-bottom: 10;
  padding: 14px;
 }